Arlington House was home not only to the Custis-Lee family, but to the sixty-three slaves who lived and worked there as well. One of those slaves was Jim Parks, known as “Uncle Jim” later on in his life. Without him, the story of Arlington would be incomplete.
James Parks was born sometime in the year of 1843 to Lawrence Parks and Patsy Clark. As a field slave, Mr. Parks rarely saw the inside of the great mansion, but he did remember what happened outside the house. He recalled George Washington Parke Custis, the owner of Arlington, playing the fiddle for dances held in the pavilion near the river. He remembered little about Robert E. Lee, Mr. Custis’ son-in-law, but he could name the Lee children from youngest to oldest.
Jim Parks also had vivid memories of the deaths of Mr. and Mrs. Custis. Of Molly Custis, he stated that she died “four years before Major Custis went, too.” Lawrence Parks, father of Jim Parks, was one of the pallbearers for Mrs. Custis’ funeral. Present at the burial of Mr. Custis in 1857, Jim Parks remarked on the division of the races: “We were standing with the other black folks apart from the white folks, when they laid Mr. Custis beneath his own trees not far from the great house that stands today overlooking the Capital City,” quoted from the 1928 Sunday Star article written about Jim Parks.
At the beginning of the Civil War, Jim Parks was eighteen years old. By May of 1861, the Lees had moved to Richmond, Virginia, leaving the slaves and overseer at Arlington. This was the time when people believed that the bloodshed from the war would fit in a lady’s thimble. Jim Parks witnessed the aftermath of the battle that would change everyone’s minds. He saw Union soldiers streaming over the old road near the present location of the Iwo Jima Memorial running towards Washington after the first battle of Bull Run. Following that defeat, the Union army entrenched itself on the grounds of Arlington building fortifications. Jim Parks helped construct Forts McPherson and Whipple, which is Fort Myer today.
In 1864, two hundred acres of the Arlington estate were set aside as a cemetery for the Civil War dead. Jim Parks stopped building forts and began digging graves. In 1929, he showed the Sunday Star reporter where “coffins had been piled in long rows like cordwood.” He eventually prepared the grave of Quartermaster general Montgomery Meigs, who was responsible for converting Arlington into a cemetery.
Jim Parks married twice and fathered twenty-two children. He continued to work at Arlington Cemetery until 1925. That year Congress voted to restore the mansion to its 1861 appearance, which was the last year the Lees had lived on the estate. Partly from the accounts of some of the house slaves and partly from the 1853 Lossing article published in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, the interior of the mansion was restored. The exterior was neglected until 1928 when Jim Parks gave his account of the layout of the plantation to Lieutenant Colonel G. Mortimer, quartermaster for the Marine Corps.
Jim Parks gave specific locations for the wells, springs, slave quarters, slave cemetery, dance pavilion, old roads, icehouse, blacksmith shop, and kitchens. Mr. Parks stated that all of his grandparents and parents were buried in the slave cemetery. At the time the article was written, the Department of Agriculture was in the process of uprooting the sacred ground for a farming area. It is not known what happened to the bodies interred in the slave cemetery.
When Jim Parks died in August of 1929, he left behind one of the few slave accounts on record from which Arlington House was restored. His testimony provides a more complete record of the people who inhabited the plantation: the slaves and the Custis-Lee family. The only person buried in Arlington Cemetery who was born on the old plantation, Jim Parks was laid to rest with full military honors: a fitting tribute to a man whose life linked Arlington’s past and present.
James Parks was a slave on the Arlington property when it was owned by George Washington Parke Custis. He stayed on the property throughout the Civil War and through the period when Freedman’s Village was located there.
He then was employed as a grave digger in the cemetery until his death. By special permission of the Secretary of War he was buried in Section 15 of Arlington National Cemetery.
Section 15, Grave 2
Epitaph: JAMES PARKS AN INTERESTING, RESPECTFUL, KINDLY OLD NEGRO: BORN A SLAVE AT ARLINGTON HOUSE ESTATE ABOUT 1843. DIED ARLINGTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA, AUGUST 21,1929. HE BELONGED TO GEORGE WASHINGTON PARKE CUSTIS, PROPRIETOR OF ARLINGTON ESTATE FROM 1781 TO 1857. “UNCLE JIM” LIVED AND WORKED AT ARLINGTON PRACTICALLY THE WHOLE OF HIS LONG AND USEFUL LIFE, IN APPRECIATION OF HIS FAITHFUL SERVICE THE SECRETARY OF WAR GRANTED SPECIAL PERMISSION TO BURY HIS MORTAL REMAINS IN THIS NATIONAL CEMETERY. REQUIESCAT IN PEACE.
PARKS, JAMES
- CIVILIAN EMPLOYEE
- VETERAN SERVICE DATES: Unknown
- DATE OF DEATH: 08/21/1929
- DATE OF INTERMENT: 08/23/1929
- BURIED AT: SECTION FT MY SITE 2
ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY
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Michael Robert Patterson was born in Arlington and is the son of a former officer of the US Army. So it was no wonder that sooner or later his interests drew him to American history and especially to American military history. Many of his articles can be found on renowned portals like the New York Times, Washingtonpost or Wikipedia.
Reviewed by: Michael Howard